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Carelabs

IEEE 1584 · Engineering

Power System Study & Analysis - Carelabz Poland

Power system study and analysis solves the power flow equations that govern your electrical network, verifying that generators, lines, transformers, and shunt elements perform as intended, withstand expected stress, and are protected against failures. For a Polish facility this brings together load flow analysis, short-circuit and fault analysis, and relay coordination into one study rather than three separate exercises. Carelabs performs the full study in ETAP and delivers findings aligned with PN-HD 60364.

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How much stops when one thing fails

Every installation will have a fault eventually. What the study determines is whether that fault takes one machine off line or the whole building, and that is decided entirely by grading.

What We Deliver

Grading across every protection path

Time-current curves are plotted from final circuit to incomer and margins checked against real relay operating time, breaker interrupting time and measurement error rather than a flat allowance.

WHY IT MATTERS

The whole site for one faulty motor

When a downstream fault trips the incomer, the cause is rarely defective equipment. It is grading set at commissioning and never revisited as the installation was extended, each addition changing the fault levels the settings assumed.

  • Settings read out of each device rather than transcribed from the schedule, because the two routinely disagree after years of adjustment.
  • Instantaneous elements examined specifically, since an instantaneous set too low is the most frequent reason a downstream fault reaches the incomer.
  • CT ratio, class and burden verified, as a saturating CT delivers distorted current and the relay then operates correctly on wrong information.
  • Earth fault grading treated separately, since sensitive earth fault elements operate in a current range phase overcurrent never reaches.
  • Every recommended change reported with its arc flash consequence, because selectivity bought by delaying an upstream device raises incident energy.
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DELIVERABLES

What you receive

Issued against PN-HD 60364 and IEC 60909, signed by the engineer who carried out the grading.

  1. 1As-found settings register covering every relay and adjustable trip unit
  2. 2Fault duty per bus, as the basis the grading rests on
  3. 3Time-current curves per grading path with the achieved margin annotated
  4. 4Discrimination register naming each failing pair and the fault range where it fails
  5. 5Recommended settings with a verification checklist for application
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How the study runs

01

Audit the installed protection

Settings are read from every device on site and CT ratios, polarity and burden verified against the schematics rather than assumed correct.

02

Calculate fault levels

Fault duties are established at each device position to IEC 60909, since grading margins cannot be assessed without them.

03

Model the devices

Manufacturer characteristics are built for every installed device, including intentional delays configured into electronic trip units.

04

Test discrimination

Each pair is checked across the full fault range and every band where selectivity is lost is recorded with the currents producing it.

05

Resolve the conflicts

Where selectivity and clearing time conflict, options are presented with the incident energy consequence of each for your team to decide.

06

Issue and verify

Settings are issued with a verification checklist so applied values can afterwards be proven against the approved schedule.

Frequently asked questions

An installation can run for years without a fault in the position that would expose bad grading. The absence of a mis-operation means you have not yet had the wrong fault in the wrong place, not that the scheme is correct. The study establishes which of those two situations you are actually in.
Each extension changes the impedance of the network and therefore the fault current at every device position. Settings calculated for the original installation were graded against different currents, so margins that were adequate can become inadequate. Every addition is individually sound; the cumulative effect is what goes unexamined.
Yes, and it is the trade-off that matters most. Selectivity is often achieved by delaying the upstream device, which lengthens arcing duration and raises incident energy at that location. Every recommendation is reported with its energy consequence so the choice is made deliberately rather than by default.
Either. Where your team applies them we issue settings in the format your devices are configured in, with a verification checklist. Where we apply them, as-found values are recorded first so the change is traceable if an investigation later needs to reconstruct what was altered and when.

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